Naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) Fractures
Abstract Naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) fractures, although less common in isolation, are a frequent component of other midface fractures and can be some of the most difficult facial fracture patterns to treat…
Orbitozygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures
Abstract The orbitozygomaticomaxillary complex (OZMC) is a structural foundation for both form and function of the craniofacial skeleton. Due to its anterolateral position and projection, it provides significant strength and…
Traumatic Facial Nerve Injury
Abstract Traumatic facial paralysis may have devastating effects on patients both functionally, emotionally, and aesthetically. In this chapter, the word trauma is used in its broad sense as any injury…
Intraoperative Imaging and Postoperative Quality Control
Abstract To date, 3-dimensional imaging is fundamental to adequately diagnose craniomaxillofacial trauma, particularly orbital trauma. However, not only preoperative 3D imaging is required but also tools for intra- and postoperative…
Orbital Fractures
Abstract Orbital fractures are among the most common facial fractures and carry a significant cost to the healthcare system. Incidence and etiology vary greatly with geography, demographics, and socioeconomic factors….
Radiological Evaluation of the Craniofacial Skeleton
Abstract This chapter covers the history and role of radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of the craniofacial skeleton in the setting of blunt…
Assessment of the Patient With Traumatic Facial Injury
Abstract Patients with facial injuries often have multisystem involvement, and the initial assessment of the trauma patient should be consistent with the ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support) protocol. Although traumatic…
Nasal Fractures
Abstract The chapter describes the workup and management of nasal fractures. Contemporary literature related to nasal fractures is reviewed, including anatomy, pathophysiology, radiography, surgical indications, techniques, follow-up care, and potential…
Primary Repair of Soft Tissue Injury and Soft Tissue Defects
Abstract Reconstruction of soft tissue craniofacial trauma represents a challenging and common problem. The soft tissue structures of the head and neck contain complex 3-dimensional geometry spanning across multiple subunits…
Endoscopic Approaches to Frontal and Maxillary Sinus Fractures
Abstract Frontal sinus and maxillary sinus fractures involving the orbital floor have traditionally been repaired with open approaches. With advances in nasal endoscopy and endoscopic instrumentation, less invasive approaches to…
