Introduction We rarely think of facial movement. It is spontaneous and emotional as it morphs effortlessly from one mood and expression to the next. Facial palsy devastates normal function, often…

Based on the German version from Maik Sauer, Jena 2013 (Sauer M. 2013. Statische und dynamische Sonographie der mimischen Muskulatur bei Probanden und Patienten mit peripherer Fazialisparese – Erhebung geschlechtsspezifischer…

Introduction Features of a natural smile include spontaneity, symmetric simultaneous superolateral excursion of the oral commissure, appropriate orientation of the nasolabial fold, and symmetrical upper and lower teeth show. ,…

Acknowledgement We thank Fabian Bachl and Jakob Hochreiter for recording and editing the EMG-Videos. Parts of the presented work were supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research…

Periorbital Synkinesis Background Eyelid paralysis, related to facial nerve injury, is a debilitating condition that causes significant functional impairment and cosmetic disfigurement. The most common eyelid and ocular sequelae resulting…

Introduction Facial palsy may cause functional, aesthetic, psychological, and social consequences. The commonest cause, Bell’s palsy, will affect approximately 1 in 60 of the population over a lifetime, with almost…

Introduction Facial paralysis and its sequela is a complex medical issue that can be both physically and emotionally distressing. Patients may present to us at any time along the continuum…

Introduction Facial palsy affects many areas of life for the individual: social, aesthetic, functional, and psychological. Management of such patients has been overwhelmingly directed to physical interventions and in order…

Introduction The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve, combines motor, general sensory, special sensory, and autonomic (visceral) components. The intricate course of the facial nerve as it…

Introduction Facial palsy is a devastating event in a patient’s life and can result in disfiguring permanent flaccid paralysis or synkinesis, a long-lasting muscle discoordination caused by aberrant facial nerve…