Introduction Worldwide, lower extremity trauma is associated with significant cost, as well as considerable morbidity and even mortality. In the United States, open tibial shaft fractures are most common in…

Introduction Reconstructive surgery of the face and eyelids has undergone significant changes in the past half century. The increased specialization and advanced understanding of anatomy and physiology of the periocular…

Orthognathic Surgery History The term “orthognathic” stems from the Greek words ortho , which is to straighten, and gnathic , which describes the jaw. Orthognathic surgery is a subspecialty practiced…

Introduction Pressure sores, also known as pressure injuries, pressure ulcers, decubitus ulcers, and bedsores, are a common problem. A pressure sore comprises a “localized injury to the skin and/or underlying…

For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com . See inside cover for access details. Introduction Breast augmentation is the most popular esthetic surgery procedure. In the United States 450,000 implants…

Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Associate Professor Michael Leung in the preparation of this chapter. Introduction Defects of the cheek pose a challenge for the reconstructive surgeon. It…

Introduction Reconstruction of the midface, particularly of the maxilla, following tumor removal is a significant challenge because of its complex three-dimensional architecture and important role in facial esthetics and function….

Introduction The skull base is a complex anatomic region through which the major blood vessels of the head and neck, cranial nerves, and spinal cord pass. A variety of congenital…

History Hippocrates provided the first description of what is now called craniosynostosis in 100 BC and noted the variation of skull deformities and correlated it with the pattern of cranial…

For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com . See inside cover for access details. Ear Development The intricate contours of the external ear are attributed to delicate elastic cartilage covered…