Midface Including Le Fort Level Injuries
Le Fort fractures occur at uniform weak areas in the midface often due to blunt impact to the face. Sporting injuries are a common cause of facial trauma; however, use…
Aesthetic plastic surgery
Approach to Orbital Fractures After Athletic Injuries
The bony orbit is commonly involved in athletic injuries. Evaluation should include a comprehensive history and ocular examination. Computed tomography imaging is the gold standard for diagnostic testing. Urgent surgical…
Soft Tissue Injuries Including Auricular Hematoma Management
Facial trauma accounts of 7% to 10% of emergency department visits in the United States every year. The management of facial soft tissue trauma is an essential skill for the…
Nasal Fractures
This article outlines current methods in the evaluation and management of nasal fractures including clinical workup, imaging, and treatment. Key points • Nasal bone fractures comprise >50% of all facial…
General Overview of the Facial Trauma Evaluation
The initial evaluation of maxillofacial trauma in athletes should first focus on the management of life-threatening injuries that require emergent care. Airway, breathing, and circulation are the 3 areas to…
Concussion in Head Trauma
Concussion in the setting of facial trauma is an entity that can be overlooked. Having a high index of suspicion is critical in initial management and prompt treatment. Clinical signs…
Facial Neuromuscular Retraining for Synkinesis
Introduction We rarely think of facial movement. It is spontaneous and emotional as it morphs effortlessly from one mood and expression to the next. Facial palsy devastates normal function, often…
Instructions for Sonography of the Mimic Musculature
Based on the German version from Maik Sauer, Jena 2013 (Sauer M. 2013. Statische und dynamische Sonographie der mimischen Muskulatur bei Probanden und Patienten mit peripherer Fazialisparese – Erhebung geschlechtsspezifischer…
Surgical Management of Post-FacialParalysis Synkinesis
Introduction Features of a natural smile include spontaneity, symmetric simultaneous superolateral excursion of the oral commissure, appropriate orientation of the nasolabial fold, and symmetrical upper and lower teeth show. ,…
Objective Measurement of Outcomes inFacial Palsy
Acknowledgement We thank Fabian Bachl and Jakob Hochreiter for recording and editing the EMG-Videos. Parts of the presented work were supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research…
