Spondylolysis/Spondylolistheses M. Timothy Hresko Pars Repair Operative Indications Failed nonoperative treatment of documented pars intra-articularis defect MRI—absence of intervertebral disk degeneration Less than 5 mm of translation of superior vertebral…
Surgical Decision-Making in Pediatric Hand and Arm Peter M. Waters Decisions regarding reconstructive surgery of the hand and upper limb start and end with function. Will you be able to…
Occiput and Posterior Cervical Instrumentation Daniel J. Hedequist Indications Any age Instability Trauma Tumor Deformity Equipment Halo ring/vest Standard spine table Occipital plating system Posterior cervical instrumentation system Titanium cables…
Neuromuscular Scoliosis Brian Snyder Operative Indications Expected benefit outweighs negative consequences of natural history and surgical risks Curve >50° with progression Difficulty with seating, failed bracing Age >10 versus <10…
Posterior Fusion for Idiopathic Scoliosis Craig M. Birch Operative Indications Primary indication: Progressive thoracic curve greater than 50° or thoracolumbar/lumbar curve greater than 40° Pain is not an indication for…
Myelodysplasia Spine Grant D. Hogue Myelomeningocele Instrumentation and Fusion Techniques for Scoliosis and Kyphosis—General Principles Indications Scoliosis: Deformities of 50° or greater and functional deterioration, proven or predicted Kyphosis: Gibbus…
Surgical Decision-Making in Pediatric Spine Surgery John B. Emans Pediatric Spinal Deformity Is Different Abnormal curvature in the pediatric spine carries a unique set of challenges: multiple types of deformity,…
Fat grafting represents the most important new addition to surgical procedures to rejuvenate the orbit since the inception of the “blepharoplasty” technique. Traditional blepharoplasty procedures do not always address the…
The aging appearance of the lower eyelids is multifactorial, involving changes in the skin, orbital fat, orbicularis muscle, soft tissue of the midface, and tear trough. The extent of these…
A retrospective observational case study and a literature review were conducted to evaluate how anatomic findings, especially those related to the periorbital zone, serve as a guiding compass for injectable…
