Trigeminal anesthesia may yield blindness and facial disfigurement, secondary to neurotrophic keratopathy and trigeminal trophic syndrome. This article summarizes contemporary medical and emerging surgical approaches for the therapeutic management of…
Radical parotidectomy may result from treating advanced parotid malignancies invading the facial nerve. Survival is often enhanced with multimodality treatment protocols, including postoperative radiation therapy. In addition to the reconstructive…
Patients with facial paralysis require a systematic zonal assessment. One frequently overlooked region is the effect of facial paralysis on nasal airflow. Patients with flaccid paralysis experience increased weight of…
Eyelid coupling using the modified tarsoconjunctival flap is an effective treatment for paralytic ectropion. Eyelid position and quality of life can be improved in patients with flaccid facial paralysis using…
Dual innervation in free muscle flap facial reanimation has been used to create a functional synergy between the powerful commissure excursion that can be achieved with the masseter nerve and…
Nerve substitution is an important tool in facial reanimation. The goal is to reinnervate the distal facial nerve and musculature using an alternative cranial nerve in order to achieve facial…
This article describes a method of performing a dual nerve transfer procedure and provides illustrative cases for analysis and discussion. Clinical indications, technical pearls, and pitfalls are discussed. Dual nerve…
Outcomes following free gracilis muscle transfer have steadily improved during the past decade. Areas for continued improvement include re-creating natural smile vectors, improving midface symmetry, minimizing scarring, improving spontaneity, and…
Static facial sling procedures are one of many facial reanimation options to address long-standing and irreversible facial paralysis. The primary goals of static reanimation are to provide symmetry at rest…
All patients with postparalytic facial paralysis are at risk of developing synkinesis due to aberrant nerve regeneration. Synkinesis can result in smile dysfunction, tension, and eyelid aperture narrowing due to…
