Introduction Autologous options for breast reconstruction have greatly expanded since the initial descriptions of the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap and the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap. In many ways,…

Introduction and Historic Review Facial paralysis (FP) is a devastating condition which strips the human face from all emotional expressivity, leading to severe consequences in the quality of life, interpersonal…

Introduction The reconstructive microsurgeon is often consulted for management of lower extremity bone and soft tissue defects. Defects can arise from multiple causes, including trauma, oncologic resection, infection, or pre-existing…

Introduction Reconstructive microsurgery of the upper extremity requires detailed knowledge of the regional anatomy of the arm, forearm and hand. Specific familiarity with the anatomy of the neurovascular structures allows…

Introduction The head and neck is a unique anatomic region of the human body with specialized function. The sophisticated arrangement of multiple tissue types comprises unique physical traits from individual…

Introduction Up until recently, lymphedema has largely remained on the sidelines of microsurgery. For many years, most microsurgeons avoided lymphatic reconstruction because of inconsistent results, lack of published data, and…

Introduction In recent years, robotic surgery has grown to dominate minimally invasive applications in the various surgical subspecialties. The currently available robotic surgical platform (da Vinci, Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA)…

Introduction Head and neck reconstruction presents unique challenges to the reconstructive surgeon. Because of the visibility of this region, defects are often difficult to conceal and the demands on the…

Introduction Reconstruction of the torso is a broad topic, which in and of itself includes techniques of local tissue rearrangement, skin grafting, local and regional flaps, as well as complex…

Introduction “Don’t cut what you don’t see!” This rule mandates large incisions and wide open surgical exposure to safely dissect aponeurotomic fibers and release restrictive scars or fascial structures. “Borrow…