Fig. 4.1 SWO schematic drawing showing fungal invasion of the dorsal nail plate Fig. 4.2 SWO dermoscopy shows that the superficial nail plate is affected Epidemiology Onychomycosis generally affects men…

Subungual hyperkeratosis and onycholysis Psoriasis Contact dermatitis Nail bed lichen planus Onycholysis Traumas Yellow nail syndrome Nail bed tumors (warts, exostosis, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma) Subungual hyperkeratosis Pachyonychia congenita Nail…

Fig. 3.1 This schematic illustrates the progression of fungal infection in DLSO, specifically how the fungus gains access to the nail bed via the hyponychium Although not life threatening, these…

Fig. 5.1 Illustration of the classically described mechanism of pathogenesis in PSO. There is invasion of the proximal nail fold and nail matrix by fungi More recently, alternative routes of…

Fig. 10.1 Direct examination in nail clipping (chlorazol black 40×) Long or septate filaments and arthrospores are observed under the microscope. In dermatophytic infection, a dermatophytoma can be found, this…

  United States [45] Canada [32] Iran [41] Brazil [33] Colombia [34] Pakistan [35] Thailand [36] Italy [37] Greece [38] India [4] Turkey [42] Total percentage of onychomycosis due to…

Fig. 13.1 Jagged proximal edge with spikes of the onycholytic area: spiked pattern, indentations at the proximal edge of the area with onycholysis Fig. 13.2 Longitudinal striae. Longitudinal striae of…

Fig. 2.1 Distal lateral subungual onychomycosis due to T. rubrum in two sisters Several studies have identified a possible role of HLA in the immune response of T cells to…

Fig. 12.1 Longitudinal nail biopsy of an onychomycotic nail. The nail plate of the matrix and proximal nail bed is dystrophic showing an irregular, fragmented, and lifted surface with mounds…

Fig. 8.1 Paronychia Other clinical findings comprise fungal melanonychia (Fig. 8.2), with a greenish, brownish, or even black nail discoloration [23]. Fig. 8.2 Fungal melanonychia due to Candida Diagnostic Clues…