Key points • The overall facial arc should have a slight convexity, with the projection greatest at the subnasale. • Women typically prefer a more convex face, which is more…

Key points • The embryological components of the facial skeleton are derived from the three divisions of the skull: the desmocranium, the chondrocranium and the viscerocranium. • The ectomeninx has…

Key points • To simplify diagnosis and corrective surgical planning the mandible may be considered in: a genial component, a ramus-and-corpus component, and a dentoalveolar component. • The chin has…

• Orthognathic surgery should achieve a functional occlusion while optimizing facial form. • Aesthetic facial analysis takes priority over cephalometric norms when developing the treatment plan. • Treatment plans should…

• Visible changes in the aging face (such as jowls, sagging, crow’s feet) are, in part, due to thinning skin that has lost its intrinsic elasticity and nonuniform loss of…

Key points • The success of any implant depends not only on minimizing the inflammatory reaction of the material but also on the prosthetic porosity and stress at the tissue–implant…

Key points • Select an access incision that will provide the most direct route to the underlying bone. • A coronal incision can be used to access the cranial vault,…

• Photography is an essential tool to objectively document patient conditions, evaluate physical deformities, plan treatment approaches, and assess surgical outcomes. • In plastic surgery, clinical photography accomplishes two goals…

• Autologous bone and cartilage grafts remain important tissue sources for surgery of the facial skeleton due to their biocompatibility and long-term success rates. • The revascularization of autologous grafts…