Periorbital Synkinesis Background Eyelid paralysis, related to facial nerve injury, is a debilitating condition that causes significant functional impairment and cosmetic disfigurement. The most common eyelid and ocular sequelae resulting…
Introduction Facial palsy may cause functional, aesthetic, psychological, and social consequences. The commonest cause, Bell’s palsy, will affect approximately 1 in 60 of the population over a lifetime, with almost…
Introduction Facial paralysis and its sequela is a complex medical issue that can be both physically and emotionally distressing. Patients may present to us at any time along the continuum…
Introduction Facial palsy affects many areas of life for the individual: social, aesthetic, functional, and psychological. Management of such patients has been overwhelmingly directed to physical interventions and in order…
Introduction The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve, combines motor, general sensory, special sensory, and autonomic (visceral) components. The intricate course of the facial nerve as it…
Introduction Facial palsy is a devastating event in a patient’s life and can result in disfiguring permanent flaccid paralysis or synkinesis, a long-lasting muscle discoordination caused by aberrant facial nerve…
Introduction “Societal interest in appearance has a long history,” and today this seems more important than ever. Social media, the importance of “the perfect picture,” and the desire and possibilities…
The neural activity responsible for voluntary facial expression relies on an intricate set of interconnections distributed across multiple cortical facial motor areas, the amygdala, and other subcortical areas. The target…
Local Flaps for Breast-Conserving Surgery Defects Douglas R. Macmillan Stephen J. Mcculley History Oncoplastic techniques for the immediate reconstruction of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) defects broadly fall into three categories: simple…
Local Flaps for Partial Mastectomy Defects Moustapha Hamdi Ibrahim Al Bassam History Perforator flaps have been described and used since the mid-1990s. Harvesting a flap without any muscle sacrifice as…
