The Second Stage in Autologous Breast Reconstruction David W. Chang Introduction With the advent of the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap, the use of autologous tissue has become the…
Considerations of Previous Augmentation in Subsequent Breast Reconstruction Scott L. Spear Mark W. Clemens Michael A. Howard Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second-leading…
Issues, Considerations, and Outcomes in Bilateral Breast Reconstruction Elisabeth K. Beahm Robert L. Walton Introduction Each year over 40,000 women die from breast cancer in the United States alone, with…
Options for Managing the Opposite Breast in Breast Reconstruction James D. Namnoum David Otterburn The goal of breast reconstruction is to create an aesthetically beautiful breast mound balanced with the…
Gracilis Flaps for Breast Reconstruction Karen M. Horton Introduction The inner thigh skin and fat based on the transverse upper gracilis (TUG) musculocutaneous flap blood supply provides an autologous donor…
The Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery Flap in Breast Reconstruction Pierre M. Chevray Background Breast reconstruction is commonly accomplished with autologous tissue flaps from the lower abdomen and back, prosthetic breast…
Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction Mark W. Clemens Maurice Y. Nahabedian Background The search to find the ideal type of reconstruction following breast cancer has led to…
The Inferior Gluteal Artery Perforator Flap for Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction Constance M. Chen Maria M. LoTempio Robert J. Allen Introduction Microsurgical techniques were first used to build a breast mound…
The Superior Gluteal Artery Perforator Flap in Breast Reconstruction Julie V. Vasile Robert J. Allen Joshua L. Levine Introduction Autologous reconstruction satisfies the plastic surgery dictum “replace like with like”…
Anatomic Basis of Perforator Flaps Michel Saint-Cyr Introduction Increased knowledge of vascular anatomy has inevitably led to innovations in flap design and use in the clinical arena. The evolution of…
