Clinical indications and use
Abstract Botulinum toxin is used for cosmetic (45%) and noncosmetic (55%) indications. It is effective as a skeletal muscle relaxant, an antispasticity agent, for essential tremor and for trigeminal neuralgia….
General Surgery
Botulinum toxin: Mode of action and serotypes
Abstract Botulinum toxin comprises a light and a heavy chain protein molecule. The heavy chain attaches the molecule to the nerve membrane, allowing the light chain to reach the site…
Genital Gender Confirmation Surgery for Patients Assigned Female at Birth
Acknowledgments This chapter is supported by Ministry of Science and Technical Development, Republic of Serbia, Project No. 175048. Introduction Patients suffering from gender dysphoria feel that their gender assigned at…
Genital Gender Confirmation Surgery for Patients Assigned Male at Birth
Introduction Gender confirmation surgery (GCS) for the male-to-female (MTF) individual fulfills a final, completive step in a process that, for most, has spanned years or decades. Completing this surgical journey…
Hysterectomy for the Transgender Man
Introduction The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) considers hysterectomy with or without salpingectomy and/or oophorectomy a medically necessary gender-affirming surgery for trans men interested in the procedure. The…
Gynecologic Care for Transgender Patients
Introduction: Role of the Gynecologist Obstetricians, gynecologists (OBGYNs), and other women’s health providers have a critical role in the care of transgender people. Transgender people, both transgender men and transgender…
Primary and Preventative Care for Transgender Patients
Introduction Primary care clinicians can learn the skills to provide high-quality, affirming medical care to transgender patients the same way they learn to care for other patients with specific health…
Facial Feminization Surgery and Facial Gender Confirmation Surgery
Acknowledgments To our team, our families, and our patients. Introduction From a very early age, everyone is able to recognize whether a face is male or female, long before learning…
Breast and Chest Surgery for Transgender Patients
Introduction Breast or chest surgery, specifically either augmentation mammaplasty or mastectomy/chest reconstruction, are commonly requested procedures in the transgender and gender diverse population. The overarching goal of such surgeries is…
Overview of Surgery for Transgender Patients
Introduction Gender affirmation surgery (formerly called sex reassignment surgery) may be sought by transgender individuals to physically change their sexual characteristics to affirm their gender identity. While not all transgender…
