For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com . See inside cover for access details. Introduction The best way to approach esthetic breast surgery is to work with gravity – not…

Perineal Reconstruction Niri S. Niranjan and Charles Y.Y. Loh Perineal reconstruction is a challenging feat and there are multiple considerations for the surgeon. Discussed here are the relevant anatomy, common…

Introduction The female breast is a defining characteristic of femininity, and its distortion or absence may result in significant quality of life impairment and psychological distress. As a result, a…

Introduction A variety of traumatic ear defects are observed after amputation, be they partial, subtotal or total, all of which require complex contour reconstruction. There are multiple causes of ear…

Introduction The nose maintains the central position on the face and often can be a challenging structure to successfully reconstruct, both its form and the function. The fundamental techniques of…

Anatomy The abdominal wall is a multilayered structure that wraps around and protects the abdominal viscera. In addition, it is involved in numerous other functions including trunk movement, respiratory effort…

Introduction Scalp comprises the forehead and the hair-bearing regions. It extends from the supraorbital ridge anteriorly to the highest nuchal line posteriorly, while ears and zygomatic arches define its lateral…

Introduction The lips constitute the main feature of the lower third of the face, and have been a focus of interest by reconstructive, cleft, and esthetic surgeons. Functionally, the lips…

Overview of the Thoracic Cage The thoracic cage serves two principal functions: to protect the thorax and upper abdomen and their associated viscera, and to allow movement for ventilation. It…

Embryology Breast development begins at approximately the 5th to 6th embryonic week. It proceeds from a single ectodermal bud and begins developing along the ventral side of the embryo as…