Key points • Facial aging is characterized by fat atrophy and gravitational descent of facial soft tissue. • Careful facial analysis is crucial for optimal outcomes. • Fat grafting provides…

Key points • The anterior and posterior ethmoid foramen are the intraoperative anatomical landmarks to visualize for the level of a subcranial osteotomy. Violation of the frontal bone via an…

Key points • Prosthodontics is the art and science of the aesthetic and functional restoration of the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. • Osseointegration is arguably the…

Key points • Augmentation, feminization, masculinization, and other adjustments to the cranium can be done with implants, osteotomies, hydroxyapatite bone cements, and autogenous bone grafts. Soft tissue can further be…

Key points • Thorough analysis of the whole face and the nose, along with full understanding of the nasal dynamics, are required for planning a successful rhinoplasty outcome. • An…

Key points • Osseous genioplasty is a more versatile procedure compared with chin implant surgery. • The chin can be advanced, set back, narrowed, widened, lengthened, shortened, centered, and leveled…

Key points • Chin augmentation can often result in asymmetry, an irregular transition between the implant and the underlying bone, excessive width, or unaesthetic disproportion. • Optimization of results requires…

• Preoperative evaluation must include assessment of nasal function as well as aesthetic goals. • Each approach should be individualized to the patient. Surgical planning must take into consideration form,…

Key points • Skeletal augmentation and soft tissue augmentation can be complementary but are not interchangeable. • Patients with deficient infraorbital rim projection can be predisposed to lower lid malposition…

Key points • As the aesthetic impact of orthognathic surgery is increasingly appreciated, occlusal plane rotation may be used by the surgeon to optimize facial balance. This approach requires bimaxillary…