• Centrifuged fat has three layers: (1) the upper supernatant, containing lipid; (2) the middle stromal vascular fraction, containing adipose-derived stem cells, stromal cells, vascular cells, and mural cells; and…

Key points • An implant-retained prosthesis has an average expected lifespan of 18-36 months. • Successful rehabilitation with osseointegration requires the presence of viable bone in the area of reconstruction…

Key points • Accurately identify the etiology of the asymmetry. • Ensure that facial growth is complete before definitive treatment. • 3D photographic imaging is an invaluable tool to educate…

Key points • The male skull is longer and broader compared with the female skull, whereas the female skull has a more pointed chin and tapered jaw. • Frontal bossing…

Key points • Look at the patient: Your eye is the best tool to evaluate both the premorbid injury as well as your repair. It is imperative that you learn…

Key points • Over the past two decades, success achieved by composite tissue allografts (CTA) in restoration of many functional and aesthetic deficits of the face has caused a paradigm…

Key points • The facial skeleton provides the underlying frame for the face, and its configuration influences the facial rejuvenation surgery that should be done. • Age-related changes in the…

Key points • Skin, fat, muscle, fascia, tendon, and bone can all be differentially carried on vascular pedicles from various donor sites in the provision of vascularized tissue to the…

Key points • Skeletal augmentation and soft tissue augmentation can be complementary but are not interchangeable. • Patients with deficient infraorbital rim projection can be predisposed to lower lid malposition…

Key points • As the aesthetic impact of orthognathic surgery is increasingly appreciated, occlusal plane rotation may be used by the surgeon to optimize facial balance. This approach requires bimaxillary…