Facial Nerve Consultation
Introduction Facial paralysis and its sequela is a complex medical issue that can be both physically and emotionally distressing. Patients may present to us at any time along the continuum…
Aesthetic plastic surgery
Assessment and Grading of Synkinesisand Facial Palsy
Introduction Facial palsy affects many areas of life for the individual: social, aesthetic, functional, and psychological. Management of such patients has been overwhelmingly directed to physical interventions and in order…
Facial Nerve and Muscle Anatomy
Introduction The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve, combines motor, general sensory, special sensory, and autonomic (visceral) components. The intricate course of the facial nerve as it…
Smile Analysis for Facial Nerve Disorders
Introduction Facial palsy is a devastating event in a patient’s life and can result in disfiguring permanent flaccid paralysis or synkinesis, a long-lasting muscle discoordination caused by aberrant facial nerve…
Psychosocial Impact of Facial Palsy
Introduction “Societal interest in appearance has a long history,” and today this seems more important than ever. Social media, the importance of “the perfect picture,” and the desire and possibilities…
Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology of Post-Facial Paralysis Synkinesis
The neural activity responsible for voluntary facial expression relies on an intricate set of interconnections distributed across multiple cortical facial motor areas, the amygdala, and other subcortical areas. The target…
Local Flaps for Breast-Conserving Surgery Defects
Local Flaps for Breast-Conserving Surgery Defects Douglas R. Macmillan Stephen J. Mcculley History Oncoplastic techniques for the immediate reconstruction of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) defects broadly fall into three categories: simple…
Local Flaps for Partial Mastectomy Defects
Local Flaps for Partial Mastectomy Defects Moustapha Hamdi Ibrahim Al Bassam History Perforator flaps have been described and used since the mid-1990s. Harvesting a flap without any muscle sacrifice as…
Male Breast Reduction: Liposuction Versus Excision
Male Breast Reduction: Liposuction Versus Excision Charles M. Malata Samuel G. Coulson Male breast reduction is performed for gynecomastia and pseudogynecomastia. Gynecomastia is benign enlargement of the male breast due…
Oncoplastic Techniques in Breast Conservation Therapy—The Plastic Surgeon’s Perspective
Oncoplastic Techniques in Breast Conservation Therapy—The Plastic Surgeon’s Perspective Albert Losken Brian Pettitt-Schieber History Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) continues to rise as a treatment for women with breast cancer, and we…
