Breast Reconstruction
Introduction The female breast is a defining characteristic of femininity, and its distortion or absence may result in significant quality of life impairment and psychological distress. As a result, a…
Ear Reconstruction
Introduction A variety of traumatic ear defects are observed after amputation, be they partial, subtotal or total, all of which require complex contour reconstruction. There are multiple causes of ear…
Nasal Reconstruction
Introduction The nose maintains the central position on the face and often can be a challenging structure to successfully reconstruct, both its form and the function. The fundamental techniques of…
Abdominal Wall Reconstruction
Anatomy The abdominal wall is a multilayered structure that wraps around and protects the abdominal viscera. In addition, it is involved in numerous other functions including trunk movement, respiratory effort…
Scalp and Calvarial Reconstruction
Introduction Scalp comprises the forehead and the hair-bearing regions. It extends from the supraorbital ridge anteriorly to the highest nuchal line posteriorly, while ears and zygomatic arches define its lateral…
Lip Reconstruction
Introduction The lips constitute the main feature of the lower third of the face, and have been a focus of interest by reconstructive, cleft, and esthetic surgeons. Functionally, the lips…
Chest Wall Reconstruction
Overview of the Thoracic Cage The thoracic cage serves two principal functions: to protect the thorax and upper abdomen and their associated viscera, and to allow movement for ventilation. It…
Congenital Breast Anomalies
Embryology Breast development begins at approximately the 5th to 6th embryonic week. It proceeds from a single ectodermal bud and begins developing along the ventral side of the embryo as…
Lower Limb Reconstruction
Introduction Worldwide, lower extremity trauma is associated with significant cost, as well as considerable morbidity and even mortality. In the United States, open tibial shaft fractures are most common in…
Eyelid Reconstruction
Introduction Reconstructive surgery of the face and eyelids has undergone significant changes in the past half century. The increased specialization and advanced understanding of anatomy and physiology of the periocular…
