Stings and Bites
Abstract The skin serves as a protection from the arthropods, parasites, and animals and, as such, frequently demonstrates cutaneous manifestations. This appendix demonstrates common arthropod reactions on the skin, such…
Topical Steroids
Abstract Topical steroids (corticosteroids) are the most important treatment option for many inflammatory disorders. This appendix divides topical corticosteroids into super high, high, intermediate, and low-potency categories for quick reference….
Posttraumatic Facial Pain
Abstract Treatment of facial pain must distinguish between classic trigeminal neuralgia, due to chronic, intracranial, vascular compression and posttraumatic facial pain due to direct injury to one or more branches…
Complications of Mandibular Fractures
Abstract The evolution of mandibular fracture complications – infection, delayed union, malunion, nonunion, malocclusion, TMJ disorders, paresthesia, etc. – along with causes – the injury itself, inadequate or inappropriate treatment,…
Posttraumatic Nasal Deformities
Abstract Posttraumatic nasal deformity is a complex problem that requires astute preoperative assessment and nasal analysis. A keen knowledge of the normal nasal anatomy and physiology is required to recognize…
Secondary Osteotomies of the Maxilla and Mandible, and Management of Occlusion
Abstract Traumatic injury to the bony midface and mandible is typically accompanied by consequent disruption of normal occlusion. While this is optimally managed in the primary setting, all too often…
Pediatric Midface Fractures
Abstract Fractures of the pediatric midface are usually rare and more likely to involve isolated segmental areas such as the nose or orbital–zygomatic complex depending on the age and development…
Secondary Nasoethmoid Fracture Repair
Abstract Fractures of the nasoethmoid region with displacement of the medial canthal-bearing segment of the medial orbital wall remain some of the most difficult surgical repairs in facial trauma. Nasoethmoid…
Virtual Surgical Planning
Abstract The advent of computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and virtual surgical planning (VSP) has resulted in a transformation in our approach to primary and secondary reconstruction of craniofacial trauma….
Secondary Microvascular Reconstruction of the Traumatic Facial Injury
Abstract Secondary microvascular surgeries can be subdivided into two categories: those that are part of a planned, multistage reconstruction and those that are the result of an unsuccessful primary reconstruction….
