Mimetic Muscles
12 Mimetic Muscles Hee-Jin Kim Layers of the Face Basic facial soft tissues are composed of five layers: (1) skin, (2) subcutaneous layer, (3) superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), (4) retaining…
Auricle and External Acoustic Meatus
18 Auricle and External Acoustic Meatus Noritaka Komune, Junichi Fukushima, and Albert L. Rhoton, Jr. Introduction The external ear is formed by the auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane….
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
16 Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses Joe Iwanaga, Tsuyoshi Saga, and Koichi Watanabe Introduction The nasal cavity is located in the central region of the face and is divided by…
Sensory Nerves of the Head and Neck
10 Sensory Nerves of the Head and Neck Ibrahim Khansa, Jenny C. Barker, and Jeffrey E. Janis Introduction In the past two decades, significant advances have been made in the…
Mandible and Masticatory Muscles
19 Mandible and Masticatory Muscles Kyung-Seok Hu and Yang Hun Mu Introduction The mandible provides support for the teeth and attachment of the maxillofacial muscles and with the temporal bone,…
Middle Skull Base
3 Middle Skull Base Philip R. Chapman and Surjith Vattoth Introduction The middle or central skull base has customarily been delineated from the anterior skull base by a horizontal line…
Arteries of the Face and Neck
6 Arteries of the Face and Neck Yelda Atamaz Pinar, Figen Govsa, and Servet Celik Introduction Safe and effective reconstructive surgical procedures rely on a clear knowledge of facial and…
Orbital Soft Tissues
14 Orbital Soft Tissues Swapna Vemuri and Jeremiah P. Tao Extraocular Muscles and Innervation The six extraocular muscles (medial, lateral, superior and inferior recti, and superior and inferior oblique muscles)…
Facial Nerve and Temporal Bone
8 Facial Nerve and Temporal Bone Orlando Guntinas-Lichius Introduction The facial nerve has a complex course from the brainstem to the periphery. The nerve crosses critical and frequently accessed surgical…
