Plastic Surgery Key

Electromagnetic radiation is released by the flow of charged particles creating an oscillating electrical current. The RF spectrum falls within the 3 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range (▶ Fig….

Patient Demographics Patient selection and counseling are paramount to achieving optimal outcomes. Realistic expectations should be established and discussed with the patient before treatment. A full medical history should be…

In the last 5 years the Latino population seeking cosmetic treatments has substantially increased, and one of the main cosmetic concerns of this group is pigmentary disorders, with melasma being…

German dermatologist P. G. Unna first noted the use of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in chemical peels as early as 1882,9 and it has been used in peeling for many years…

Fig. 35.1 “Doc, you’ll double your money before your patients even realize it doesn’t do much.” Intense pulsed light (IPL) and broadband infrared (BBIR) light devices apply very powerful pulses and…

With medical advancements and an increased life expectancy in modern society there has been heightened interest in optimizing one’s quality of life. More than ever, there exists the desire to…

History of Tattooing The history of tattooing dates back to a time as ancient as civilization itself, when this highly symbolic method of expression afforded more than a mere touch…

Why Complications Occur Complications occur as a result of different factors, some controllable and others unpredictable. To better understand the intrinsic risk of any ablative treatment, laser–tissue interaction and the…

Scar Laser Physics We do not fully understand the biological basis by which scars improve after laser therapy. Scarring is a tissue response, acquired during the second trimester of fetal…

Historical Perspectives Hair removal is one of the most common cosmetic procedures performed today. In 2009, industry revenue for hair removal, either personally or by a practitioner, totaled approximately $244…