Dorsal–Ventral Deficiency
Fig. 12.1 A cross section of limb a bud showing the interactions of the two key players of the dorsal–ventral axis: EN-1 (ENGRAILED-1) and WNT7A The ENGRAILED-1 Pathway and Dorsal…
Therapy Management of Children with Congenital Anomalies of the Upper Extremity
Impairment Measurement Impairment Measurement Movement restriction Goniometer Impaired sensation/nerve injury Monofilaments Inclinometer Wire tracing Two-point discrimination Stereognosis Tape measure Moberg pickup test Pollexograph Ten test Ninhydrin sweat test Weakness Dynamometer…
General Skeletal Disorders
Achondroplasia Hypochondroplasia Pseudoachondroplasia Description Rhizomelic shortening secondary to short humeri, flexion contractures from flexion deformities of distal humerus, elbow abnormalities, and trident appearance of hand [extra space between third…
Radial Longitudinal Deficiency: Radius Hypoplasia
Fig. 7.1 Bizarre forearm synostosis in a patient with Holt-Oram syndrome Fanconi anemia is the most common inherited cause of bone marrow failure [20]. The bone marrow failure most commonly…
Congenital Radioulnar Synostosis
Fig. 9.1 Plain radiographs showing complete radioulnar synostosis Classification Wilkie, Tachdjan and Cleary and Omer have proposed various classification systems. Wilkie [2] described two types of congenital synostosis, based on…
Ulnar Longitudinal Deficiency
Fig. 10.1 (a) Anteroposterior and (b) lateral radiographs of a 2-year-old boy with bilateral ulnar longitudinal deficiency type II/A. (c) Clinical photograph showing excessive wrist ulnar deviation. (d) The wrist…
Psychological Considerations: Visible Distinctions and Congenital Anomalies of the Upper Extremities
45. Ardon MS, Janssen WG, Hovius SE, Stam HJ, Selles RW. Low impact of congenital hand differences on health-related quality of life. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(2):351–7. PubMed PMID: WOS:000300338900026….
Incidence and Syndromes Associated with Congenital Anomalies of the Upper Limb
Study Ekblom et al. [4] Giele et al. [3] Rogala et al. [1] Country Sweden Australia Scotland Years of survey 1997–2007 1980–1990 1964–1968 Incidence (per 10,000 live births) 21.50 19.76…
Anesthesia Concerns in Congenital Anomalies of the Upper Extremity
16. Martin S, Tobias JD. Perioperative care of the child with arthrogryposis. Pediatr Anesth. 2006;16:31–7. 17. Hodge D, Fleisher G. Pediatric catheter flow rates. Am J Emerg Med. 1985;3(5):403.PubMed 18….
