Correction of Le Fort III Fractures
Correction of Le Fort III Fractures Joseph Lopez Amir H. Dorafshar DEFINITION Le Fort III type fracture lines classically transverse the horizontal and vertical buttresses of the face, separating the…
Correction of Le Fort I Fracture
Correction of Le Fort I Fracture Ananth S. Murthy DEFINITION The maxilla forms most of the middle third of the facial skeleton. It is attached to the zygomatic bone and…
Correction of Le Fort II Fracture
Correction of Le Fort II Fracture Nataliya Biskup John A. van Aalst DEFINITION Le Fort II is a midface fracture pattern that classically involves the critical vertical facial buttresses: Nasofrontal…
Addressing Late Malpositioning of the Zygomaticomaxillary Complex
Addressing Late Malpositioning of the Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Warren Schubert Yeshaswini Thelekkat DEFINITION Late malpositions of the zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) result when fractures either were not addressed at the time of…
Open Correction of Zygomatic Fractures
Open Correction of Zygomatic Fractures Warren Schubert Yeshaswini Thelekkat DEFINITION Zygomatic fractures are fractures of the zygomatic bone together with any one or all of its four processes—maxillary, frontal, orbital,…
Closed Reduction of Zygomatic Arch Fractures
Closed Reduction of Zygomatic Arch Fractures Oluwaseun A. Adetayo DEFINITION The zygoma bone has four skeletal articulations—the maxilla, frontal, temporal, and sphenoid bones. The zygomatic arch plays a prominent role…
Naso-Orbital-Ethmoid (NOE) Fractures
Naso-Orbital-Ethmoid (NOE) Fractures Craig Birgfeld Joseph Gruss DEFINITION Naso-orbital-ethmoid (NOE) fractures are fractures of the bones of the central face between the orbits involving the nose, the orbits, and the…
Open Treatment of Nasal Fractures
Open Treatment of Nasal Fractures Jeyhan S. Wood DEFINITION Open treatment of nasal fractures involves making an incision to provide direct visualization of the fractures and achieve reduction or use…
Closed Nasal Fracture Correction
Closed Nasal Fracture Correction Benjamin C. Wood DEFINITION Nasal bone fracture is the most common type of facial fracture.1 The combination of the central positioning and anterior projection of the…
Secondary Correction of Enophthalmos
Secondary Correction of Enophthalmos David Matthews Samer Abouzeid Edward W. Kubek DEFINITION Enophthalmos refers to the posterior position of one eye relative to the contralateral eye.1 Secondary post-traumatic enophthalmos refers…
