Fig. 2.1 Transmission electron micrograph of several epidermal lamellar granules. Bar = 200 nm Since lamellar granules are lipid-rich, they have a low buoyant density. This unique property has been exploited to…
Fig. 8.1 Targets in dermal and transdermal drug delivery Topical delivery can be defined as the application of a drug-containing formulation to the skin to directly treat cutaneous disorders or…
Compound Partition coefficient Classification Correlation (log P octanol/water) Sucrose −3.7 Hydrophilic Yes Caffeine −0.02 Hydrophilic Yes Water 1 Hydrophilic Yes Acetylsalicylic acid 1.13 Hydrophilic Yes Sulfur mustard 1.37 Lipophilic No…
Fig. 9.1 Fungal melanonychia Fungal melanonychia is an infrequent complication of onychomycosis [1]. Onychomycosis is the invasion of nails by fungi, regardless of its individual causative agents. Fungal melanonychia is…
Fig. 4.1 SWO schematic drawing showing fungal invasion of the dorsal nail plate Fig. 4.2 SWO dermoscopy shows that the superficial nail plate is affected Epidemiology Onychomycosis generally affects men…
Fig. 3.1 This schematic illustrates the progression of fungal infection in DLSO, specifically how the fungus gains access to the nail bed via the hyponychium Although not life threatening, these…
Fig. 5.1 Illustration of the classically described mechanism of pathogenesis in PSO. There is invasion of the proximal nail fold and nail matrix by fungi More recently, alternative routes of…
Fig. 10.1 Direct examination in nail clipping (chlorazol black 40×) Long or septate filaments and arthrospores are observed under the microscope. In dermatophytic infection, a dermatophytoma can be found, this…
United States [45] Canada [32] Iran [41] Brazil [33] Colombia [34] Pakistan [35] Thailand [36] Italy [37] Greece [38] India [4] Turkey [42] Total percentage of onychomycosis due to…
