10.1055/b-0037-143484 CHAPTER 28 Magnetic Resonance Lymphangiography Lee M. Mitsumori KEY POINTS Three-dimensional heavily T2-weighted sequences are performed to assess the severity, extent, and distribution of lymphedema. The number, size, and…
10.1055/b-0037-143481 CHAPTER 25 Hydromechanics of Intercellular Fluid and Lymph Waldemar Olszewski, Marzanna T. Zaleska KEY POINTS In normal limbs, lymph flow occurs only during spontaneous contractions of lymphangions. In obstructive…
10.1055/b-0037-143483 CHAPTER 27 Indocyanine Green Lymphography Mitsunaga Narushima, Takumi Yamamoto, Isao Koshima KEY POINTS Indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography, which can visualize superficial lymph flow in real time without radiation exposure,…
10.1055/b-0037-143482 CHAPTER 26 Radionuclide Lymphoscintigraphy Byung-Boong Lee, James Laredo KEY POINTS Radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy (LSG) is an essential, noninvasive test not only for the diagnosis of chronic lymphedema, but also for…
10.1055/b-0037-143480 CHAPTER 24 Measuring Methods Peter C. Neligan KEY POINTS No perfect measurement tool for lymphedema exists. Limb circumference and volume are the most commonly performed measurements for lymphedema. Volume…
10.1055/b-0037-143478 CHAPTER 22 Biomarkers Kerstin Buttler, Jörg Wilting KEY POINTS Although the ideal biomarker showing the complete lymphatic vascular system has not yet been discovered, a combination of markers can…
10.1055/b-0037-143479 CHAPTER 23 Clinical Staging of Lymphedema Sandro Michelini, Marco Cardone, Alessandro Fiorentino KEY POINTS There is no perfect staging system for lymphedema. A staging system is essential to facilitate…
10.1055/b-0037-143477 CHAPTER 21 Basic Approaches to the Diagnosis of Lymphedema: Clinicians’ Perspective Yener Demirtas, Baris Yigit KEY POINTS Lymphedema can be defined as the chronic accumulation of lymphatic fluid in…
10.1055/b-0037-143476 CHAPTER 20 Causes and Classification of Lymphatic Disorders Swetha Kambhampati, Stanley Rockson KEY POINTS Primary lymphedema is generally categorized based on age of onset and is presumed to have…
