Maxillary skeletal orthognathic surgery
• The overall facial arc should have a slight convexity, with the projection greatest at the subnasale (anterior nasal spine [ANS]). • Women typically prefer a more convex face, which…
Aging of the facial skeleton
• Visible changes in the aging face (such as jowls, sagging, crow’s feet) are, in part, due to thinning skin that has lost its intrinsic elasticity and nonuniform loss of…
Alloplastic and natural materials used as implants
Key points • The success of any implant depends not only on minimizing the inflammatory reaction of the material but also on the prosthetic porosity and stress at the tissue–implant…
Surgical anatomy and approaches to the facial skeleton
Key points • Select an access incision that will provide the most direct route to the underlying bone. • A coronal incision can be used to access the cranial vault,…
Photographic advances in facial imaging
• Photography is an essential tool to objectively document patient conditions, evaluate physical deformities, plan treatment approaches, and assess surgical outcomes. • In plastic surgery, clinical photography accomplishes two goals…
Biology of bone and cartilage grafting
• Autologous bone and cartilage grafts remain important tissue sources for surgery of the facial skeleton due to their biocompatibility and long-term success rates. • The revascularization of autologous grafts…
Anthropometrics
Key points • Complete reliance on cephalometric analysis for treatment may lead to suboptimal aesthetic results. • Beautiful faces of different ethnicities have quite different shapes, but individuals of all…
Radiologic advances in facial imaging
Key points • The deleterious effects of ionizing radiation are cumulative, necessitating the judicious use of ionizing radiation. • Cone beam CT (CBCT) allows for image capture that displays excellent…
Motivations of patients seeking aesthetic surgery of the face
Key points • Celebrities’ values and beauty standards are a major influence on patients seeking aesthetic surgery. • The explosion of social media and reality television has become an ever-increasing…
Psychology of facial aesthetics
• Darwin’s description of the theory of natural selection is one of the earliest scientific acknowledgments of the importance of physical appearance. • Evolutionary theorists believe that the ability to…
