Acute Bacterial or fungal infections Contact dermatitis Chronic Dermatoses Lichen sclerosus Lichen simplex chronicus/squamous cell hyperplasia Other dermatoses Vulvovaginal atrophy Neoplasia or preneoplastic lesions Vulvodynia Infection Human papillomavirus infection Vulvar…
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015Miranda A. Farage, Kenneth W. Miller, Nancy Fugate Woods and Howard I. Maibach (eds.)Skin, Mucosa and Menopause10.1007/978-3-662-44080-3_18 18. Current and Emerging Treatment Options for Vulvovaginal Atrophy Jill M. Krapf1 , Zoe Belkin2 , Frank Dreher3 and Andrew T. Goldstein4 (1) Department…
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015Miranda A. Farage, Kenneth W. Miller, Nancy Fugate Woods and Howard I. Maibach (eds.)Skin, Mucosa and Menopause10.1007/978-3-662-44080-3_16 16. Gynaecological Problems Associated with Menopause Aikaterini E. Deliveliotou1 (1) Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, “Aretaieion” University Hospital…
Fig. 15.1 Schematic of the innervation of the vulva. A: Anterior cutaneous branches of the iliohypogastric nerve; B: Anterior labial branches of the ilioinguinal nerve; C: Genitofemoral nerve (both the…
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015Miranda A. Farage, Kenneth W. Miller, Nancy Fugate Woods and Howard I. Maibach (eds.)Skin, Mucosa and Menopause10.1007/978-3-662-44080-3_14 14. Atrophic Vaginitis in the Menopause Ryan Sobel1 and Jack D. Sobel2 (1) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jefferson…
Vitamin D PTHrP Estrogens Androgens T3 MSH ACTH TRH GH The skin cells contain the entire biochemical apparatus necessary for production of glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens either from precursors of…
Having been described recently little is known about the natural history of frontal fibrosing alopecia. Frontal recession may progress as far as the mid-scalp and occasionally beyond. Continuance of recession…
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Skin structure Sex steroid receptors AR PR ER-α ER-β Epidermal keratinocytes + + + Melanocytes + + + Hair follicles Follicular keratinocytes + + Root sheath + Matrix epithelium + …
Skin layer Cellular element Cytokines Epidermis Keratinocyte TNF-α [1], IL-1α [34], IL-1ra [34], IL-6 [47], IL-8 [60], IL-10 [67] Langerhans cell IL-8 [60], IL-18 [33] Melanocyte IL-8 [60] Dermis Fibroblast…
