Key Points • Indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography clearly visualizes superficial lymph flows in real time without ionized radiation exposure. • Dynamic ICG lymphography, dual-phase fluorescent image observation, is important to…
Key Points • Lymphoscintigraphy is an objective and reliable imaging modality for diagnosing lymphedema, categorizing its severity, and guiding appropriate treatment. • The diagnostic utility of lymphoscintigraphy depends upon meticulous…
Key Points • Lymphangiogenesis occurs in four distinct regular phases: lymphatic competence, lymphatic commitment, lymphatic speciation, and lymphatic maturation. • Vascular endothelial growth factor C and vascular endothelial growth factor…
Key Points • The clinician’s role in lymphedema treatment and management is to provide the best diagnosis, treatment plan, and advice as to what will be the most appropriate approach;…
Key Points • Primary extremity lymphedema is a debilitating disease with a reported incidence of 1–3 in every 10,000 births, and it may present with concomitant vascular lesions or retroperitoneal…
Introduction Lymphedema can develop as a result of developmental or genetic abnormalities intrinsic to the lymphatic system (primary lymphedema) or secondary to extrinsic factors (infections, trauma, malignancy, obesity, etc.) that…
“Declare the past, diagnose the present, foretell the future.” –Hippocrates. Overview The surgical treatment of lymphedema has evolved tremendously since the early 21st century. With the advances in microsurgical techniques,…
Augmentation mastopexy is generally considered to be one of the most difficult operations in breast surgery. It has an undeserved reputation for high complication rates and unhappy patients. Through careful…
Anatomic implants were introduced in the late 1980s, gaining popularity through the 1990s and beyond. The moratorium on silicone meant that the use of theses devices was less diffuse in…
This study investigated inconsistencies in the use of descriptors in breast surgery and recommends a novel nomenclature that will be adopted and standardized among plastic surgeons. The study used a…
