Erector Spinae (Paraspinous) Muscle Flap Lauren M. Mioton Gregory A. Dumanian DEFINITION The erector spinae muscle flap is used for coverage of spinal wounds. ANATOMY The erector spinae, also known…

Serratus Anterior Flap for Chest Wall Reconstruction Zachary J. Collier David H. Song DEFINITION Chest wall deformities arising from congenital malformations and acquired etiologies result in significant physical and psychological…

Gracilis Flap for Perineal and Vaginal Reconstruction Ajani G. Nugent Yasmina Zoghbi Christopher J. Salgado DEFINITION Perineal defects reconstructed with gracilis flaps are applied after vulvovaginal resections or more extensive…

Transverse Upper Gracilis Flap for Breast Reconstruction Adeyiza O. Momoh DEFINITION The transverse upper gracilis (TUG) flap is a medial thigh-based musculocutaneous flap option for breast reconstruction. It serves as…

Vertical Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap for Perineal Reconstruction Sahil K. Kapur Charles E. Butler DEFINITION The vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap plays a beneficial role in improving postoperative outcomes…

Posterior Labial Artery Flap for Vulvar and Vaginal Reconstruction Chris A. Campbell DEFINITION The posterior labial artery flap commonly known as the Singapore flap or pudendal thigh flap is a…

Pectoralis Flap for Chest Wall Reconstruction Jeff J. Kim David H. Song DEFINITION Chest wall defect: Most common etiologies include trauma, tumor resection, osteoradionecrosis, deep sternal wound infections, and chronic…

Gluteal Thigh Flap for Perineal Reconstruction David Gerth Christopher J. Salgado DEFINITION Gluteal thigh flap is an axial fasciocutaneous flap based on the inferior gluteal artery. Usually raised as a…

Omental Flap for Thoracic Reconstruction Amir Inbal David H. Song DEFINITION The omentum is rich in vasculature, lymphatics, and fat and serves an important immunologic function within the abdominal cavity….

Nipple Reconstruction Kasandra Dassoulas Brendan Collins Bernard W. Chang DEFINITION Nipple reconstruction is the final stage in breast reconstruction and allows the reconstructed breast to most closely resemble the natural…