Prune Belly Jamie C. Harris Fizan Abdullah DEFINITION1,2 Prune belly is an extremely rare disease, occurring in 1/35 000 live births. The majority of patients are male (FIG 1). It…

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Nicholas J. Ahn William H. Peranteau DEFINITION Usually benign extragonadal germ cell tumor that develops prenatally, involving the coccyx with various degrees of pelvic and intra-abdominal involvement. It…

Myelomeningocele, Prenatal (Fetal) Repair Gregory G. Heuer N. Scott Adzick DEFINITION Myelomeningocele (MMC) is a congenital malformation of the spinal cord in the family of neural tube defects and spina…

Myelomeningocele: Postnatal Repair Gregory G. Heuer Jesse A. Taylor DEFINITION Myelomeningocele (MMC) is a congenital malformation of the spinal cord in the family of neural tube defects and spina bifida.1…

Juvenile Hypertrophy Dennis C. Hammond Eric Yu Kit Li DEFINITION Juvenile or virginal breast hypertrophy is a rare condition characterized by atypical and pronounced breast growth during puberty in the…

Pectus Excavatum and Pectus Carinatum Jamie C. Harris Fizan Abdullah DEFINITION Pectus excavatum is the most common chest wall deformity that involves a concave deflection of the sternum posteriorly, with…

Gynecomastia Dennis C. Hammond Eric Yu Kit Li DEFINITION Gynecomastia involves the abnormal proliferation of glandular breast tissue in men, resulting in breast enlargement.1,2 It is distinguished from pseudogynecomastia or…

Poland Syndrome Patrick J. Buchanan Paul S. Cederna DEFINITION Poland syndrome is a developmental defect characterized by varying degrees of unilateral pectoralis major aplasia, thoracic skeletal defects, breast hypoplasia or…

Secondary Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy Reconstruction Joshua M. Adkinson DEFINITION Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) results from injury to any brachial plexus nerve root (C5-T1) during a difficult delivery.1,2 Persistent…

Rotationplasty of the Lower Extremity Samer Attar Robert J. Steffner Terrance Peabody DEFINITION Rotationplasty of the lower extremity is a reliable and durable reconstructive option in the setting of bone…