Treatment of the perioral region, the neck and scars
Abstract Botulinum toxin can be effective in balancing the muscles of the perioral area as they age. The author avoids paralysing the muscles of the upper lip by eliminating upper…
General Surgery
The art of patient selection and short- and long-term management
Abstract It is important to carefully select patients for botulinum toxin rejuvenation treatment. It must be clear to the patient what the injection will do and how it works. The…
Contraindications and complications
Abstract Patients with neuromuscular diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, must be warned that botulinum toxin could potentiate their weakness. Some drugs, such as aminoglycosides and anaesthetic agents, will interfere with…
Patient preparation and injection skills
Abstract The main serotypes of botulinum toxin comprise different concentration measurements. Each must be reconstituted specifically for its own brand, and doses must not be interchanged. However, BOTOX and Xeomin…
Patient selection: The art of understanding neuromodulation and symmetry
Abstract Most faces are asymmetrical, with asymmetrical bone structure and therefore overlying muscle volume. The art is to see the difference in sizes and actions of the muscle groups to…
Clinical indications and use
Abstract Botulinum toxin is used for cosmetic (45%) and noncosmetic (55%) indications. It is effective as a skeletal muscle relaxant, an antispasticity agent, for essential tremor and for trigeminal neuralgia….
Botulinum toxin: Mode of action and serotypes
Abstract Botulinum toxin comprises a light and a heavy chain protein molecule. The heavy chain attaches the molecule to the nerve membrane, allowing the light chain to reach the site…
Genital Gender Confirmation Surgery for Patients Assigned Female at Birth
Acknowledgments This chapter is supported by Ministry of Science and Technical Development, Republic of Serbia, Project No. 175048. Introduction Patients suffering from gender dysphoria feel that their gender assigned at…
Genital Gender Confirmation Surgery for Patients Assigned Male at Birth
Introduction Gender confirmation surgery (GCS) for the male-to-female (MTF) individual fulfills a final, completive step in a process that, for most, has spanned years or decades. Completing this surgical journey…
Hysterectomy for the Transgender Man
Introduction The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) considers hysterectomy with or without salpingectomy and/or oophorectomy a medically necessary gender-affirming surgery for trans men interested in the procedure. The…
