Abstract When properly administered to appropriately selected individuals, botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) can have a rejuvenating effect on nearly the entire face and neck. Carefully observing the functional anatomy…

Keywords Facial rejuvenation, Fillers, Neuromodulators, Periorbital hollows, Facial aging, Eyebrow, Eyelid   Introduction The shift towards less nonsurgical techniques to rejuvenate the periorbital area continues, and patient requests for procedures…

Introduction Facial aging is complex and occurs at all tissue levels, from the underlying skeletal scaffolding, through the musculature, adipose tissue, and skin. Advances in aesthetic medicine now allow us…

One of the most important components of any anti­aging treatment plan is topical skin care. A basic skin care regimen includes a cleanser, moisturizer, and sunscreen. Moisturizers that contain beneficial…

Keywords Facial anatomy, Facial aging, SMAS, Facial retaining ligaments, Facial fat compartments   Introduction The anatomy of the face is fairly constant. Variant anatomy is seen in the thickness of…

Embryogenesis Embryogenesis is a dynamic multiple-step process that begins when an oocyte from a female is fertilized by the sperm from a male (the pre-embryonic period). The first 2 weeks…