Achilles Tendon Reconstruction Hani Sbitany DEFINITION Achilles tendon is the most frequently ruptured tendon in the body, with incidence reported as high as 34/100 000, most commonly seen in males…

Nerve Repair and Reconstruction—Peroneal Nerve Shawn Moshrefi Catherine Curtin DEFINITION Peroneal Nerve Injury Peroneal nerve injuries vary in severity, mechanism, and needed treatment. The nerve injury type dictates the treatment…

Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Rahim Nazerali DEFINITION Foot ulcers are the most common complication affecting patients with diabetes mellitus.1 A result of lower extremity neuropathic disease, trauma, and deformity….

Vascular Reconstruction of Lower Extremity, Foot, and Ankle Michael D. Sgroi Jason T. Lee DEFINITIONS Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects 8 to 12 million people worldwide. Up to 40% of…

Reconstruction of Heel and Plantar Defects: Free Flap Goo-Hyun Mun Kyong-Je Woo DEFINITION Heel and plantar soft tissues perform a special role of weight bearing while walking or standing. The…

Ankle Reconstruction With Free Flap Sean S. Li Ahmed Suliman Deepak M. Gupta DEFINITION The ankle has limited soft tissue for protection of vital structures, and trauma or tumor extirpation…

The Reverse Sural Artery Flap for Lower Extremity Reconstruction Ashkaun Shaterian Amber R. Leis DEFINITION The reverse sural artery flap was first described by Donski and Fogdestam1 and later by…

The Medial Plantar Flap Arash Momeni Subhro K. Sen DEFINITION The medial plantar flap is suitable for reconstruction of heel and lateral plantar defects.1,2 The medial plantar flap is harvested…

Reconstruction of the Forefoot Rachel Hein Scott T. Hollenbeck DEFINITION The primary goal in forefoot reconstruction is to preserve function of the lower extremity. Given the unique bony and skin…

Bony Reconstruction of Foot and Ankle (Bone Grafts) Kenneth Hunt Loretta Chou INTRODUCTION Recent decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in available bone graft harvest techniques, bone graft substitutes, and…