Plastic Surgery Key

Fig. 5.1 Illustration of the classically described mechanism of pathogenesis in PSO. There is invasion of the proximal nail fold and nail matrix by fungi More recently, alternative routes of…

Fig. 10.1 Direct examination in nail clipping (chlorazol black 40×) Long or septate filaments and arthrospores are observed under the microscope. In dermatophytic infection, a dermatophytoma can be found, this…

  United States [45] Canada [32] Iran [41] Brazil [33] Colombia [34] Pakistan [35] Thailand [36] Italy [37] Greece [38] India [4] Turkey [42] Total percentage of onychomycosis due to…

Fig. 13.1 Jagged proximal edge with spikes of the onycholytic area: spiked pattern, indentations at the proximal edge of the area with onycholysis Fig. 13.2 Longitudinal striae. Longitudinal striae of…

Fig. 2.1 Distal lateral subungual onychomycosis due to T. rubrum in two sisters Several studies have identified a possible role of HLA in the immune response of T cells to…

Fig. 12.1 Longitudinal nail biopsy of an onychomycotic nail. The nail plate of the matrix and proximal nail bed is dystrophic showing an irregular, fragmented, and lifted surface with mounds…

Fig. 8.1 Paronychia Other clinical findings comprise fungal melanonychia (Fig. 8.2), with a greenish, brownish, or even black nail discoloration [23]. Fig. 8.2 Fungal melanonychia due to Candida Diagnostic Clues…

Fig. 1.1 Candida onychomycosis in a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis Aside from the multiple fungal culprits, there are also multiple routes of invasion that fungi can use to infect…

Fig. 11.1 Map of rDNA locus from Trichophyton rubrum The region ITS1 can be amplified from a wide variety of fungus by using the primers ITS1 (5-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTTGCGG-3) and ITS2 (5-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3)….

Present features Absent features Normal nail plate surface Superficial desquamation Normal nail plate thickness Hyperkeratosis Nail plate firmly attached to the nail bed Onycholysis Milky-white nail plate discoloration Subungual changes…