Fig. 16.1 Volunteer being imaged with a hand-held in vivo reflectance confocal microscope (Vivascope 3000®, Lucid Inc., USA) 16.2.1 Characterization of Percutaneous Drug Delivery Percutaneous drug delivery encompasses many approaches…
Fig. 12.1 Example of EPR spectra of a covalently bound drug/spin probe and of one released in solution 12.2 Nanocarriers As well as penetration enhancers like ethanol and dimethylsulfoxide, various…
Fig. 11.1 Schematic representation of the penetration pathways of topically applied substances While the intercellular penetration process has been recognized for decades, the existence of follicular penetration could be demonstrated…
Fig. 10.1 Different human skin membranes for absorption studies: (a) full thickness skin, (b) dermatomed skin, (c) heat separated epidermis, and (d) enzyme split stratum corneum (According to Schaefer et…
Raman frequency (cm−1) Assignment 526 ν(S–S) 600 ρ(C–H) 623 ν(C = S) 644 ν(C = S); amide IV 746 ρ(CH2) in phase 827 δ(CCH) aliphatic 850 δ(CCH) aromatic 883 ρ(CH2);…
Source Date Definition Oxford English Dictionary 1643 Substance “that has the power of softening or relaxing the living animal textures” Edwards (1940) 1940 “Since oils, fats and glycerin when applied…
Fig. 2.1 Simplified diagram showing a model for the stratum corneum with various defense lines against penetration of xenobiotics (Modified from Barry 1987) The integrity of human skin is also…
Country Year of endorsement National guideline or recommendation (title in English) References Australia 2000, 2006 Note for Guidance on Good Clinical Practice (CPMP/ICH/135/95) The Australian Clinical Trial Handbook, 2006 Therapeutic…
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017Nina Dragicevic and Howard I. Maibach (eds.)Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Drug Penetration Into/Through the Skin10.1007/978-3-662-53270-6_22 22. Active Enhancement Methods in Transdermal Drug Delivery: Current Status and Future Perspectives Ryan F. Donnelly1 (1) School of…
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017Nina Dragicevic and Howard I. Maibach (eds.)Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Drug Penetration Into/Through the Skin10.1007/978-3-662-53270-6_21 21. Perspectives on Dermal Delivery of Macromolecular Drugs Marianna Foldvari1 and P. Kumar2 (1) School of Pharmacy, University of…
