Fig. 26.1 Possible explanation for increased rheumatic autoimmune diseases in women. Blue and pink represent testosterone (Te) and estrogen (E2), respectively. As men and women age the estrogen to testosterone…
Fig. 6.1 Human skin is structurally altered with age. Left inner arm skin from a young subject with abundant rete ridges. Right inner arm skin from an aged subject lacks…
Autoimmune disease Percent female patients (highest estimate) X chromosome MHC/HLA association (selected) Non-MHC gene associations Autoimmune hepatitis Type I 9:1 NA A1-88 IgA [5] Type II: 3:1 [5] DRB* 0301…
Fig. 23.1 Interaction between genetic factors, estrogen, and aging in the development of Th1/TH2 differentiation and subsequent autoimmune diseases in aging women (Reprinted with permission from Expert Rev Obs Gyn…
Acute Bacterial or fungal infections Contact dermatitis Chronic Dermatoses Lichen sclerosus Lichen simplex chronicus/squamous cell hyperplasia Other dermatoses Vulvovaginal atrophy Neoplasia or preneoplastic lesions Vulvodynia Infection Human papillomavirus infection Vulvar…
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015Miranda A. Farage, Kenneth W. Miller, Nancy Fugate Woods and Howard I. Maibach (eds.)Skin, Mucosa and Menopause10.1007/978-3-662-44080-3_18 18. Current and Emerging Treatment Options for Vulvovaginal Atrophy Jill M. Krapf1 , Zoe Belkin2 , Frank Dreher3 and Andrew T. Goldstein4 (1) Department…
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015Miranda A. Farage, Kenneth W. Miller, Nancy Fugate Woods and Howard I. Maibach (eds.)Skin, Mucosa and Menopause10.1007/978-3-662-44080-3_16 16. Gynaecological Problems Associated with Menopause Aikaterini E. Deliveliotou1 (1) Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, “Aretaieion” University Hospital…
Fig. 15.1 Schematic of the innervation of the vulva. A: Anterior cutaneous branches of the iliohypogastric nerve; B: Anterior labial branches of the ilioinguinal nerve; C: Genitofemoral nerve (both the…
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015Miranda A. Farage, Kenneth W. Miller, Nancy Fugate Woods and Howard I. Maibach (eds.)Skin, Mucosa and Menopause10.1007/978-3-662-44080-3_14 14. Atrophic Vaginitis in the Menopause Ryan Sobel1 and Jack D. Sobel2 (1) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jefferson…
Vitamin D PTHrP Estrogens Androgens T3 MSH ACTH TRH GH The skin cells contain the entire biochemical apparatus necessary for production of glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens either from precursors of…
