Myelomeningocele: Postnatal Repair
Myelomeningocele: Postnatal Repair Gregory G. Heuer Jesse A. Taylor DEFINITION Myelomeningocele (MMC) is a congenital malformation of the spinal cord in the family of neural tube defects and spina bifida.1…
Juvenile Hypertrophy
Juvenile Hypertrophy Dennis C. Hammond Eric Yu Kit Li DEFINITION Juvenile or virginal breast hypertrophy is a rare condition characterized by atypical and pronounced breast growth during puberty in the…
Pectus Excavatum and Pectus Carinatum
Pectus Excavatum and Pectus Carinatum Jamie C. Harris Fizan Abdullah DEFINITION Pectus excavatum is the most common chest wall deformity that involves a concave deflection of the sternum posteriorly, with…
Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia Dennis C. Hammond Eric Yu Kit Li DEFINITION Gynecomastia involves the abnormal proliferation of glandular breast tissue in men, resulting in breast enlargement.1,2 It is distinguished from pseudogynecomastia or…
Poland Syndrome
Poland Syndrome Patrick J. Buchanan Paul S. Cederna DEFINITION Poland syndrome is a developmental defect characterized by varying degrees of unilateral pectoralis major aplasia, thoracic skeletal defects, breast hypoplasia or…
Secondary Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy Reconstruction
Secondary Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy Reconstruction Joshua M. Adkinson DEFINITION Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) results from injury to any brachial plexus nerve root (C5-T1) during a difficult delivery.1,2 Persistent…
Rotationplasty of the Lower Extremity
Rotationplasty of the Lower Extremity Samer Attar Robert J. Steffner Terrance Peabody DEFINITION Rotationplasty of the lower extremity is a reliable and durable reconstructive option in the setting of bone…
Primary Treatment of Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy
Primary Treatment of Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy Bryce R. Bell Ji-Geng Yan Hani Matloub DEFINITION Injury to the nerves supplying the upper extremity (C5-T1) during the birth process Epidemiology1 Incidence…
Pediatric Facial Reanimation Using a Functional Gracilis Muscle Transfer
Pediatric Facial Reanimation Using a Functional Gracilis Muscle Transfer Brad M. Gandolfi Jeffrey R. Marcus Michael R. Zenn DEFINITION Facial paralysis does not describe a disease but instead the sequelae…
Corneal Neurotization
Corneal Neurotization Joseph Catapano Ronald Zuker Asim Ali Gregory H. Borschel DEFINITION Neurotrophic keratopathy is a degenerative corneal disease caused by impairment of corneal innervation.1 Corneal neurotization involves using functioning…
