Le Fort I maxillary and sagittal split mandibular osteotomies are performed to correct dental malocclusion and improve facial harmony. Skeletal movements of large magnitude, particularly those for correction of preexisting…
Indications for and Advantages of Cad/Cam Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) provides added sophistication to facial implant surgery. It provides three-dimensional millimeter accuracy in implant design and manufacturing specific to…
In his article “Anatomy and pathophysiology of facial aging”, Zimbler states, “Facial aesthetics begin with the marriage of hard and soft tissue integration; however, it is the changing balance of…
A relative deficiency in lower midface projection may be congenital or acquired, particularly after cleft surgery and maxillary fractures. Since the majority of white faces are convex, midface concavity is…
The upper midface skeleton has direct and indirect influences on the appearance of the face and, particularly, the eyes. The relationship between the globe and the orbital rims will determine…
The size and shape of the internal orbit determines orbital volume and the position of the eye. An increase in orbital volume results in enophthalmos – the recession of the…
Concavity in the temporal area is often referred to as “temporal hollowing.” It reflects a deficiency in the bulk of the temporalis muscle, the temporal fat pad, and/or an underlying…
