Table 70.1 Indications for surgery Discomfort over lateral orbit Cosmetically displeasing lateral fullness Rule out lacrimal gland malignancy/pathology   Table 70.2 Preoperative evaluation History of pain and/or paresthesia over lateral…

Table 67.1 Indications for surgery Enophthalmos (>2 mm) Extraocular muscle entrapment with diplopia Hypoglobus Oculocardiac reflex Large floor fracture (>50%)   Table 67.2 Preoperative evaluation Exophthalmometry readings Extraocular muscle movements and…

Table 66.1 Indications for surgery Diagnosis of unknown orbital mass Removal of orbital mass causing optic neuropathy   Table 66.2 Preoperative evaluation Visual acuity, pupillary reaction, automated visual fields, color…

Table 69.1 Indications for surgery Intractable recurrent epistaxis secondary to: • Coagulopathy • Vascular malformations such as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome) • Neoplasm • Naso-orbital trauma   Table 69.2…

Table 64.1 Indications for surgery Disfiguring proptosis Compressive optic neuropathy unresponsive to maximally tolerated medical therapy Exposure keratopathy unresponsive to maximally tolerated medical therapy Preparation for strabismus surgery with large…

Table 65.1 Indications for surgery Maximal orbital decompression Need for access to the intraconal space In combination with a medial and lateral orbitotomy approach for lesions near the orbital apex…

Table 63.1 Indications for surgery Punctal stenosis Symptomatic epiphora   Table 63.2 Preoperative evaluation Probing and irrigation of canaliculi and lacrimal system Assess for co-existent punctal ectropion Rule out any…

Table 62.1 Indications for surgery After removal of lesion overlying punctum For reconstruction of the eyelid after removal of the proximal lacrimal system from cancer surgery To promote healing of…