Vulvar skin type Epithelial characteristics Associated diseases Labia majora and outer minora Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Psoriasis Eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous glands Lichen sclerosus Allergic and irritant dermatitis Atopic eczema…
Fig. 12.1 Fetal development of the hair follicle During the second quarter, the peripheral epithelial cells are separated from the central epithelial cells in the hair bulb, thus forming the…
Thickness and degree of hydration of the epidermis Dunn et al. (1997) [13] Composition and production of sphingolipids Lucki and Sewer (2010) [53] Content of glycosaminoglycans Stevenson and Thornton (2007)…
Physical symptoms and signs Psychological Systemic Skin and hair Hot flushes Anxiety Atherosclerosis Dryness Headache Humor alterations Cardiovascular disease Decreased collagen content Nocturnal wet Sadness Osteoporosis and osteopenia Reduction in…
Fig. 2.1 Effects of estrogen deficiency 2.3 Estrogen Estrogen, the main steroid responsible for the secondary gender characteristics in females, affects most systems in the body. The skin is the…
1. Normally high vulvar transepidermal water loss 2. Normally high vulvar friction coefficient 3. Naturally high vulvar skin hydration 4. Persistent exposure to environmental irritants, rubbing, etc 5. Tendency for…
Fig. 1.1 Relationship between different time periods surrounding the menopause. (Reproduced, with permission of the publisher, from World Health Organization Scientific Group. Research on the menopause in the 1990s [5])…
Fig. 31.1 Proposed staging system for the menopausal transition (Reprinted from fertility and sterility, 76/5, Soules et al. [26], Copyright 2001, with permission from Elsevier) Mitchell and colleagues modified their…
Liposoluble Water soluble Others Vitamin E (tocopherol) Vitamin C Idebenone Green tea Lycopene Silymarin Selenium Curcumin Coffea arabica and coffee berry Resveratrol Pomegranate Genistein Polypodium leucotomos Niacinamide Pycnogenol The…
Definition Generalizeda Localizedb Provoked Present only with contact, sexual or nonsexual ✓ ✓ Unprovoked Present without contact ✓ ✓ Mixed Provoked & unprovoked ✓ ✓ aInvolvement of the entire vulva…
