Menopause: Cross-Cultural Considerations
Continent Country First author Number of subjects Age range Mean age Median age Europe Europe Dratva [41] 5,288 30–60 54 North America United States Gold [36] 3,302 40–55 52.54 Asia…
Dermatology
Cosmetic Procedures in Menopause
Fig. 33.1 (a) Pre-procedure. (b) Seven days postoperative radiofrequency in lower eyelid. (c) Thirty days postoperative radiofrequency plus treatment with hyaluronic acid dermal filler Fig. 33.2 (a) Pre-procedure. (b) Immediately…
Postmenopausal Vulva and Vagina
Site Menopausal statusa Observation Significanceb Reference Water barrier function (TEWL, g/m2·h) Forearm Premenopausal 3.7 ± 0.4 p < 0.05 Elsner and Maibach [6] Postmenopausal 2.6 ± 0.3 Vulva Premenopausal 14.8 ± 1.5 n.s. Postmenopausal 13.5 ± 1.8 Friction coefficient,…
Vasomotor Symptoms
Fig. 30.1 Relationship between estrogen and a woman’s reproductive phases and the occurrence of hot flushes. The reproductive phase is characterized by cyclic and predictable estrogen levels. During perimenopause, hormones…
Quality of Life
Instrument Author Domains Score Cervantes Scale (CS) Palacios et al. [17] Four Responses are scored on a scale of 0–5. Since the CS is a negative scale, its “positive items”…
Physical Activity and Quality of Life During Menopausal Transition and Postmenopause
Dimensions A 36-item Short Form Health Survey SF-36 [28] Menopausal quality of life, MENQOL [26] Women’s Health Questionnaire, WHQ [28] 1 Physical functioning Vasomotor function Depressed mood 2 Role function…
The Role of Estrogen Deficiency in Skin Aging and Wound Healing
Fig. 6.1 Human skin is structurally altered with age. Left inner arm skin from a young subject with abundant rete ridges. Right inner arm skin from an aged subject lacks…
Autoimmune Skin Diseases: Role of Sex Hormones, Vitamin D, and Menopause
Fig. 26.1 Possible explanation for increased rheumatic autoimmune diseases in women. Blue and pink represent testosterone (Te) and estrogen (E2), respectively. As men and women age the estrogen to testosterone…
Genes, Hormones, Immunosenescence, and Environmental Agents: Toward an Integrated View of the Genesis of Autoimmune Disease
Autoimmune disease Percent female patients (highest estimate) X chromosome MHC/HLA association (selected) Non-MHC gene associations Autoimmune hepatitis Type I 9:1 NA A1-88 IgA [5] Type II: 3:1 [5] DRB* 0301…
The Effects of Menopause on Autoimmune Diseases
Fig. 23.1 Interaction between genetic factors, estrogen, and aging in the development of Th1/TH2 differentiation and subsequent autoimmune diseases in aging women (Reprinted with permission from Expert Rev Obs Gyn…
