Fig. 7.1 Chemical structures of the enhancers. R, R′ = alkyl chain Corticosterone (CS) was the main model permeant. Estradiol (ES) and hydrocortisone (HC) were the two other steroidal permeants…

(9.1) where C 0 is the concentration of the solute in the donor chamber, K is the partition coefficient, or log P of the solute into skin (SC), D is…

(3.1) where J is the flux of the permeant (mass per cm2), D is the diffusion coefficient and δc/δx is the concentration gradient. To determine how diffusion affects the permeant…

Fig. 19.1 Formulations for sustained dermal therapy; left: rapid release of the api from a semisolid formulation and build-up of a reservoir in stratum corneum; right: patch which exhibits a…

Fig. 23.1 Keratinocyte culture IC50 and estimated unbound epidermal concentrations after human epidermal membrane penetration of sunscreens from a 1 % mineral oil solution (Adapted from Hayden et al. (2005))…

Fig. 15.1 (a) Pinhole in front of the detector rejects light emerging from out of focus regions. (b) Schematic representation of CLSM optics (Semwogerere and Weeks 2008) Schematic representation of…

Fig. 16.1 Volunteer being imaged with a hand-held in vivo reflectance confocal microscope (Vivascope 3000®, Lucid Inc., USA) 16.2.1 Characterization of Percutaneous Drug Delivery Percutaneous drug delivery encompasses many approaches…

Fig. 12.1 Example of EPR spectra of a covalently bound drug/spin probe and of one released in solution 12.2 Nanocarriers As well as penetration enhancers like ethanol and dimethylsulfoxide, various…

Fig. 11.1 Schematic representation of the penetration pathways of topically applied substances While the intercellular penetration process has been recognized for decades, the existence of follicular penetration could be demonstrated…

Fig. 10.1 Different human skin membranes for absorption studies: (a) full thickness skin, (b) dermatomed skin, (c) heat separated epidermis, and (d) enzyme split stratum corneum (According to Schaefer et…