Fig. 29.1 Four-plate electrode. The 4PE is a noninvasive electrode with four plates at perpendicular 90° right angles. A nonconductive stopper maintains a constant gap of 6 mm between electrodes…

Fig. 14.1 Schematic of liquid jet injector. The components consist of a compartment or cartridge for holding drug formulation, a piston assembly, a power source such as coil spring, and…

ULS types Range of frequencies Low-frequency ULS 20–100 KHz Medium-frequency ULS 0.7 ≥ 3.0 MHz High-frequency ULS 3.0 ≥ 10.0 MHz We can observe the principal medical applications of ULS…

Fig. 21.1 Mode of action of the nano-injection system. The intact microcapsule in an anhydrous gel formulation (a) is activated by a hydrophilic drug formulation (b). Water molecules (triangles) and…

Enhancement technology Devices/products Company Microneedles Macroflux® technology Zosano Pharma (USA) sMTS and hMTS technology 3 M (USA) DermaRoller® DermaRoller (USA) MicroCorTM Corium (USA) BD SoluviaTM Becton Dickinson (USA) Soluble microneedles…

Fig. 17.1 Optical coherence topography (OCT) images showing microporation of human skin by using polymeric MN array (with height 600 μm, width at base 300 μm, spacing 300 μm) in…

Fig. 15.1 The ViaDor™ Transdermal delivery system composed of the ViaDor™ device, disposable electrode array, and a suitable patch The artificial skin pores formed by RF ablation, and their healing…

Fig. 2.1 Illustration of the difference between uniform shear and surface divergence. (a) Uniform, high-shear stress, no divergence, and thus no stretch of the cell surface; (b) high rate of…

Molecule Molecular weight Ultrasound parameters Electroporation parameters Modality Ref. Frequency Amplitude Voltage Pulse Pulse freq Sulforhodamine 607 g/mol 1–3 MHz 1.4 W/cm2 ≤150 V 1 ms 60 s Simultaneous (Kost…