Key points • The advantage of using CBCT is the accurate visualization of the root angulations. • Initial records using CBCT technology and intraoral scans of the dentitions can be…

Key points • Cephalometric analysis is performed in three-dimensions to allow the surgeon and the orthodontist to address asymmetry in all three planes. • The time-consuming laboratory process of facebow…

Key points • The overall facial arc should have a slight convexity, with the projection greatest at the subnasale. • Women typically prefer a more convex face, which is more…

• Skeletal contouring can add convexity to the profile and narrow the face from the frontal view. • Procedures on the zygoma, mandible, and chin are usually combined to obtain…

Key points • The embryological components of the facial skeleton are derived from the three divisions of the skull: the desmocranium, the chondrocranium and the viscerocranium. • The ectomeninx has…

Key points • To simplify diagnosis and corrective surgical planning the mandible may be considered in: a genial component, a ramus-and-corpus component, and a dentoalveolar component. • The chin has…

• Orthognathic surgery should achieve a functional occlusion while optimizing facial form. • Aesthetic facial analysis takes priority over cephalometric norms when developing the treatment plan. • Treatment plans should…

• Visible changes in the aging face (such as jowls, sagging, crow’s feet) are, in part, due to thinning skin that has lost its intrinsic elasticity and nonuniform loss of…

Key points • The success of any implant depends not only on minimizing the inflammatory reaction of the material but also on the prosthetic porosity and stress at the tissue–implant…