Retardation of Dermal Release by Film Forming Emulsions
Fig. 19.1 Formulations for sustained dermal therapy; left: rapid release of the api from a semisolid formulation and build-up of a reservoir in stratum corneum; right: patch which exhibits a…
Confocal Microscopy for Visualization of Skin Penetration
Fig. 15.1 (a) Pinhole in front of the detector rejects light emerging from out of focus regions. (b) Schematic representation of CLSM optics (Semwogerere and Weeks 2008) Schematic representation of…
Efficacy, Safety and Targets in Topical and Transdermal Active and Excipient Delivery
Fig. 23.1 Keratinocyte culture IC50 and estimated unbound epidermal concentrations after human epidermal membrane penetration of sunscreens from a 1 % mineral oil solution (Adapted from Hayden et al. (2005))…
Clinical Cutaneous Drug Delivery Assessment Using Single and Multiphoton Microscopy
Fig. 16.1 Volunteer being imaged with a hand-held in vivo reflectance confocal microscope (Vivascope 3000®, Lucid Inc., USA) 16.2.1 Characterization of Percutaneous Drug Delivery Percutaneous drug delivery encompasses many approaches…
Application of EPR-spin Probes to Evaluate Penetration Efficiency, Storage Capacity of Nanotransporters, and Drug Release
Fig. 12.1 Example of EPR spectra of a covalently bound drug/spin probe and of one released in solution 12.2 Nanocarriers As well as penetration enhancers like ethanol and dimethylsulfoxide, various…
Stripping Procedures for Penetration Measurements of Topically Applied Substances
Fig. 11.1 Schematic representation of the penetration pathways of topically applied substances While the intercellular penetration process has been recognized for decades, the existence of follicular penetration could be demonstrated…
Human Native and Reconstructed Skin Preparations for In Vitro Penetration and Permeation Studies
Fig. 10.1 Different human skin membranes for absorption studies: (a) full thickness skin, (b) dermatomed skin, (c) heat separated epidermis, and (d) enzyme split stratum corneum (According to Schaefer et…
Confocal Raman Spectroscopy as a Tool to Investigate the Action of Penetration Enhancers Inside the Skin
Raman frequency (cm−1) Assignment 526 ν(S–S) 600 ρ(C–H) 623 ν(C = S) 644 ν(C = S); amide IV 746 ρ(CH2) in phase 827 δ(CCH) aliphatic 850 δ(CCH) aromatic 883 ρ(CH2);…
The Influence of Emollients on Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery
Source Date Definition Oxford English Dictionary 1643 Substance “that has the power of softening or relaxing the living animal textures” Edwards (1940) 1940 “Since oils, fats and glycerin when applied…
Occlusive Versus Nonocclusive Application in Transdermal Drug Delivery
Fig. 2.1 Simplified diagram showing a model for the stratum corneum with various defense lines against penetration of xenobiotics (Modified from Barry 1987) The integrity of human skin is also…
