Magnet characteristics Experimental model Compound applied Passive permeation μg/cm2/h Magnetophoretic permeation μg/cm2/h Enhancement ratio References Permanent magnets (0.01–0.05 mT) Excised abdominal skin of albino rats Benzoic acid (saturated solution) ≈1.8–2.6…
where V m is the transmembrane potential, ƒ is a function describing the electrical and geometrical properties of the cell, E is the strength of applied electric field, r is…
Fig. 24.1 Schematic illustration of microneedle array made by acupuncture needles. (a) Top view, (b) back view, (c) one needle. Each needle tapered over a 400-μm length to a sharp…
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques Others deposition techniques Thermal evaporation Plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) Epitaxy Sputtering Atmospheric pressure CVD Casting Molecule beam epitaxy Low pressure CVD…
(5.1) where D i, c i, and u i are the diffusion coefficient, concentration, and electrical mobility of ion i and v w represents the linear velocity of the convective…
Fig. 16.1 The degree of stratum corneum removal after treatment with microdermabrasion. (a) Partial stratum corneum removal, (b) complete stratum corneum removal with intact epidermis, and (c) complete epidermis removal….
Fig. 30.1 Skin vaccination methods (This figure was modified and redrawn from following reference (Mitragotri 2005; Kis et al. 2012)) 30.2 Intradermal Injection In present medical practice, most vaccines are…
Fig. 29.1 Four-plate electrode. The 4PE is a noninvasive electrode with four plates at perpendicular 90° right angles. A nonconductive stopper maintains a constant gap of 6 mm between electrodes…
Fig. 21.1 Mode of action of the nano-injection system. The intact microcapsule in an anhydrous gel formulation (a) is activated by a hydrophilic drug formulation (b). Water molecules (triangles) and…
ULS types Range of frequencies Low-frequency ULS 20–100 KHz Medium-frequency ULS 0.7 ≥ 3.0 MHz High-frequency ULS 3.0 ≥ 10.0 MHz We can observe the principal medical applications of ULS…
