Plastic Surgery Key

Fig. 14.1 Tranexamic acid (trans-4-amonimethyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid) Keratinocytes produce PA. Epidermal basal cells contain plasminogen molecules. Plasmin plays a role in the release of basic fibroblast growth factor, which…

Fig. 16.1 PIH 2 months following QS Nd:YAG 1064-nm laser using convention treatment protocol for treating melasma. This patient was treated with QS Nd:YAG 1064 nm 4 ns pulsed duration…

Fig. 31.1 Spectral signature and irradiance in mW/cm2 of three test lamps with mixed outputs used in PPT study 1 (a) VL lamp, (b) UVA tubes, and (c) IR bulb…

  Parameters for assessing stability of vitiligo Consensus recommendation of IADVLa taskforce on stability [5] History of progression The absence of new lesions No new lesions Extension of old lesions…

Fig. 8.1 Melasma area and severity index (MASI). A area, D darkness, H homogeneity MASI total score = 0:3 × A (forehead) × (D + H) (forehead) + 0:3 ×…

Fig. 15.1 (a) Before 70 % glycolic acid peels (b) after 4 biweekly sessions of 70 % glycolic acid peels Mild desquamation. Uneven penetration into the skin. Neutralization with sodium…

Fig. 5.1 (a–e) Sites of predilection of melasma: centrofacial (a), malar (b), mandibular (c), forearm extensor (d), upper chest (e) Fig. 5.2 (a) Centrofacial melasma, (b) malar melasma, (c) mandibular…

Fig. 4.1 Immunostaining for NKI-beteb and tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-2 before and after treatment with a combination of soybean extract and niacinamide for 8 weeks. Immunostaining for (a) NKI-beteb before treatment…

Fig. 11.1 Schematic depiction of melanogenesis in melanocytes. Tyrosinase (TYR), a key enzyme in melanogenesis, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), and PMEL17 are melanogenesis-related proteins involved in pigmentation disorders,…