Microporation in Penetration Enhancement
Fig. 17.1 Optical coherence topography (OCT) images showing microporation of human skin by using polymeric MN array (with height 600 μm, width at base 300 μm, spacing 300 μm) in…
Skin Ablation Methods for Transdermal Drug Delivery
Fig. 15.1 The ViaDor™ Transdermal delivery system composed of the ViaDor™ device, disposable electrode array, and a suitable patch The artificial skin pores formed by RF ablation, and their healing…
The Mechanism of Sonophoresis and the Penetration Pathways
Fig. 2.1 Illustration of the difference between uniform shear and surface divergence. (a) Uniform, high-shear stress, no divergence, and thus no stretch of the cell surface; (b) high rate of…
Combined Use of Ultrasound and Other Physical Methods of Skin Penetration Enhancement
Molecule Molecular weight Ultrasound parameters Electroporation parameters Modality Ref. Frequency Amplitude Voltage Pulse Pulse freq Sulforhodamine 607 g/mol 1–3 MHz 1.4 W/cm2 ≤150 V 1 ms 60 s Simultaneous (Kost…
Cutaneous DNA Immunization: Enhancing Penetration by Hair Follicle Modification or Microneedle Application
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017Nina Dragicevic and Howard I. Maibach (eds.)Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Physical Methods in Penetration Enhancementhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53273-7_28 28. Cutaneous DNA Immunization: Enhancing Penetration by Hair Follicle Modification or Microneedle Application Amit Kumar1, Yuehong Xu1 and Zhengrong Cui1 …
Effect of the Use of Chemical Enhancers Combined with Sonophoresis, Electroporation, or Microneedles on Transdermal Drug Delivery
Noninvasive or minimally invasive Painless Safe and tolerable Reversible effect Modulation of skin permeability They can be focused on targeted tissues Possibility of administering macromolecules and nanocarriers (e.g., nanoparticles and…
Microwaves as a Skin Permeation Enhancement Method
Fig. 10.1 Location of microwaves in the electromagnetic spectrum, considering microwaves as part of radiofrequencies (Raw data from Moulder 1998; Ku et al. 2002; Sorrentino and Bianchi 2010 and Mousa…
Evaluation of Microneedles in Human Subjects
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017Nina Dragicevic and Howard I. Maibach (eds.)Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Physical Methods in Penetration Enhancementhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53273-7_20 20. Evaluation of Microneedles in Human Subjects Haripriya Kalluri1 , Seong-O Choi2 , Xin Dong Guo3 , Jeong Woo Lee4 , James Norman5 and Mark R. Prausnitz6 (1) Research Scientist…
Iontophoresis: Basic Principles
Fig. 4.1 Schematic representation of iontophoresis. D is the drug, which can be either positively (D+) or negatively (D−) charged. N represents a neutral molecule. EM is the electromigration and…
Sonophoresis: Ultrasound-Mediated Transdermal Drug Delivery
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017Nina Dragicevic and Howard I. Maibach (eds.)Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Physical Methods in Penetration Enhancementhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53273-7_1 1. Sonophoresis: Ultrasound-Mediated Transdermal Drug Delivery Samir Mitragotri1 (1) Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara,…
