Plastic Surgery Key

Abstract The appearance of the ageing face is a summation of foundation volume loss from recession of underlying skeletal support; skin volume loss from aging, ultraviolet damage and ‘rubbing’, and…

Abstract A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the forehead and scalp is essential. Movement of muscles on the forehead are relayed through the brain and redirected to affect the…

Abstract The crow’s feet are the wrinkles at the corners of the eyes due to contraction of the orbicularis oculi when smiling. The same part of the muscle is responsible…

Abstract Botulinum toxin can be effective in balancing the muscles of the perioral area as they age. The author avoids paralysing the muscles of the upper lip by eliminating upper…

Abstract It is important to carefully select patients for botulinum toxin rejuvenation treatment. It must be clear to the patient what the injection will do and how it works. The…

Abstract Patients with neuromuscular diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, must be warned that botulinum toxin could potentiate their weakness. Some drugs, such as aminoglycosides and anaesthetic agents, will interfere with…

Abstract The main serotypes of botulinum toxin comprise different concentration measurements. Each must be reconstituted specifically for its own brand, and doses must not be interchanged. However, BOTOX and Xeomin…

Abstract Most faces are asymmetrical, with asymmetrical bone structure and therefore overlying muscle volume. The art is to see the difference in sizes and actions of the muscle groups to…

Abstract Botulinum toxin is used for cosmetic (45%) and noncosmetic (55%) indications. It is effective as a skeletal muscle relaxant, an antispasticity agent, for essential tremor and for trigeminal neuralgia….

Abstract Botulinum toxin comprises a light and a heavy chain protein molecule. The heavy chain attaches the molecule to the nerve membrane, allowing the light chain to reach the site…