Fig. 16.1 The degree of stratum corneum removal after treatment with microdermabrasion. (a) Partial stratum corneum removal, (b) complete stratum corneum removal with intact epidermis, and (c) complete epidermis removal….
Fig. 30.1 Skin vaccination methods (This figure was modified and redrawn from following reference (Mitragotri 2005; Kis et al. 2012)) 30.2 Intradermal Injection In present medical practice, most vaccines are…
Fig. 29.1 Four-plate electrode. The 4PE is a noninvasive electrode with four plates at perpendicular 90° right angles. A nonconductive stopper maintains a constant gap of 6 mm between electrodes…
Fig. 21.1 Mode of action of the nano-injection system. The intact microcapsule in an anhydrous gel formulation (a) is activated by a hydrophilic drug formulation (b). Water molecules (triangles) and…
ULS types Range of frequencies Low-frequency ULS 20–100 KHz Medium-frequency ULS 0.7 ≥ 3.0 MHz High-frequency ULS 3.0 ≥ 10.0 MHz We can observe the principal medical applications of ULS…
Fig. 14.1 Schematic of liquid jet injector. The components consist of a compartment or cartridge for holding drug formulation, a piston assembly, a power source such as coil spring, and…
Enhancement technology Devices/products Company Microneedles Macroflux® technology Zosano Pharma (USA) sMTS and hMTS technology 3 M (USA) DermaRoller® DermaRoller (USA) MicroCorTM Corium (USA) BD SoluviaTM Becton Dickinson (USA) Soluble microneedles…
Fig. 17.1 Optical coherence topography (OCT) images showing microporation of human skin by using polymeric MN array (with height 600 μm, width at base 300 μm, spacing 300 μm) in…
Fig. 15.1 The ViaDor™ Transdermal delivery system composed of the ViaDor™ device, disposable electrode array, and a suitable patch The artificial skin pores formed by RF ablation, and their healing…
Fig. 2.1 Illustration of the difference between uniform shear and surface divergence. (a) Uniform, high-shear stress, no divergence, and thus no stretch of the cell surface; (b) high rate of…
