Tessier Clefts and Hypertelorism
Tessier’s classification system for rare craniofacial clefts remains the most widely used today. It denotes the position of the cleft process in a schema based around the orbit, and facilitates…
Vascular Lesions
Classification of vascular lesions based of off the biological behavior has greatly facilitated more accurate diagnoses, optimally defined treatment plans, and better outcomes. Treatment of vascular lesions has taken a…
Syndromic Craniosynostosis
Syndromic craniosynostosis affects up to 1:30,000 live births with characteristic craniofacial growth restrictions, deformities, and other associated abnormalities, such as carpal-pedal anomalies and cognitive function impairment. More than 150 syndromes…
Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis and Deformational Head Shape Disorders
This article provides an overview of etiology, epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, including sagittal, metopic, coronal, lambdoid, and complex synostosis. Detailed discussion is presented regarding indications for…
Craniofacial Microsomia
Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) encompasses a broad spectrum of phenotypes. It is thought to result from defective development of the first and second pharyngeal arch structures, and generally presents with anomalies…
Intermediate and Definitive Cleft Rhinoplasty
Intermediate and definitive cleft rhinoplasties are a challenging part of definitive cleft care. The anatomy of the cleft nose is severely affected by the structural deficits associated with congenital orofacial…
Velopharyngeal Dysfunction Evaluation and Treatment
Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) can significantly impair a child’s quality of life and may have lasting consequences if inadequately treated. This article reviews the work-up and management options for patients with…
Cleft Palate Repair, Gingivoperiosteoplasty, and Alveolar Bone Grafting
Repair of the cleft palate intends to establish the division between the oral and nasal cavity, thereby improving feeding, speech, and eustachian tube dysfunction all while minimizing the negative impact…
Cleft Lip Repair, Nasoalveolar Molding, and Primary Cleft Rhinoplasty
Cleft lip and palate are the fourth most common congenital birth defect. Management requires multidisciplinary care owing to the complexity of these clefts on midface growth, dentition, Eustachian tube function,…
Evaluation of Speech and Resonance for Children with Craniofacial Anomalies
Children with craniofacial anomalies often demonstrate disorders of speech and/or resonance. Anomalies that affect speech and resonance are most commonly caused by clefts of the primary palate and secondary palate….
